• We focus here on the historical

  2022-02-10

  

  We focus here on the historical discoveries that led to the development of the concept of ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is defined as an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, which occurs through the lethal accumulation of lipid-based reactive oxygen species (ROS) when glutathione (GSH)-dependent

• In skeletal as well as in

  2022-02-10

  

  In skeletal as well as in the calcium channel muscle, the same FBPase isozyme is present (Gizak and Dzugaj, 2003). On the other hand, different isoforms of 6-fructo-2 kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2/PFK-2) have been discovered in muscle fibres and cardiomyocytes (Okar et al., 2001, Mar

• ligand gated channels Receptor activator of NF B ligand RANK

  2022-02-10

  

  Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulate the generation of osteoclast ligand gated channels [10], [11], [12], [13]. In response to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling, osteoclasts then attach to regions of bone undergoing resorption [

• br Histamine H R Many of the highlight H R

  2022-02-10

  

  Histamine H3R Many of the highlight H3R ligands have been described as suitable pharmacological tools for in vitro or in vivo studies and are designated here. The number of ligands and structural categories is huge, and a number of inclusive reviews of the SAR and properties of H3R ligands have b

• Reactivation of memory engram neurons

  2022-02-10

  

  Reactivation of memory engram neurons underlies memory retrieval. Neurons activated during memory formation are reactivated during the memory test 24, 25, 32. The reactivation is observed in the cerebral cortex as well as in the hippocampus and amygdala 33, 34. The ratio of the reactivation correlat

• Based on the in vitro findings summarized here

  2022-02-10

  

  Based on the in vitro findings summarized here, we posited that, in the intact brain, release of ROS from iron-laden astrocytes to the local neuropil elicits oxidative damage and degeneration of indigent dopaminergic projections and other vulnerable neuronal elements (Schipper, 2001). Of particular

• Acknowledgements We appreciated the contributions of Ana Car

  2022-02-10

  

  Acknowledgements We appreciated the contributions of Ana Carolina Galha, Selma XSL Pinheiro and Islene Azevedo for technical assistances. In addition, we wish to thank Adilson José de Almeida (in memoriam), Moyra M Portilho, Vanessa A Marques and Letícia P Scalioni, for data analysis during the set

• cotransporter In this new therapeutic era

  2022-02-10

  

  In this new therapeutic era, nucleic cotransporter amplification tests (NAATs) remain critically useful. NAATs are recommended to detect HCV RNA in blood following initial serologic diagnosis of HCV infection, to distinguish between spontaneous resolution and progression to chronic infection [7]. I

• Substrate affinity and specificity can be enhanced by dockin

  2022-02-10

  

  Substrate affinity and specificity can be enhanced by docking interactions, in which regions distal to the site of E-4031 bind to grooves, pockets, or surfaces outside of the kinase catalytic cleft 1, 2, 5, 6. Like catalytic site interactions, docking interactions can involve recognition of short l

• It has been proposed that HCA may

  2022-02-10

  

  It has been proposed that HCA1 may be a better target than HCA2 to treat dyslipidemia and to prevent progression of atherosclerosis, because HCA1 is less widely expressed, and HCA1 activation does not result in flushing. However, since the antilipolytic effects mediated by HCA2 appear to be not the

• br Acknowledgements br Introduction Aminoacyl tRNA synthetas

  2022-02-10

  

  Acknowledgements Introduction Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the formation of an ester bond between an amino Berberine and the 3′ end of a tRNA in a two-step reaction. First, the amino acid is activated and an enzyme-bound adenylate intermediate is formed. Then, the amino acid is transfe

• br Materials and methods Rat forebrains

  2022-02-10

  

  Materials and methods Rat forebrains were obtained from Sprague–Dawley rats at 2, 7, 14, 21, and 30–35 postnatal days and were homogenized in 1:5 volumes (w/v) of 0.32 M sucrose containing 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM EDTA, 1 μg/ml TPCK, 50 μM leupeptin, and 3 μM antipain with 10 strokes in a glass-teflon hom

• Apple juice is the most consumed apple

  2022-02-10

  

  Apple juice is the most consumed apple derivative since more than 20% of freshly harvested apples are consumed as juice (Schulze et al., 2014). Apple juice production implies several technological interventions, among which are skin and pomace removal, enzymatic depectinization, and pasteurization.

• A localization of GK to both a cytoplasmic and perinuclear

  2022-02-09

  

  A localization of GK to both a cytoplasmic and perinuclear area of normal rat pancreatic beta-cells was reported in 1996 (Noma et al., 1996), which changed on acute hyperglycemia to a more diffuse staining throughout the cytoplasm. The localization of GK within the nucleus was first reported by Mura

• It is widely acknowledged that CpG methylation of the

  2022-02-09

  

  It is widely acknowledged that CpG methylation of the promoter regions of some genes plays an important regulatory role in transcriptional regulation and in the establishment and maintenance of cell type-specific gene expression (Li, 2002, Jaenisch and Bird, 2003). This study obtained multiple lines

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